Inflammation, Vascular Repair, Injury After Exercise in T1D
Inflammation, Vascular Repair, Injury After Exercise in T1D
Exercise carries many health benefits for people with Type 1 diabetes. Of particular importance, regular physical exercise is associated with improvements in an array of cardiovascular risk factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness, endothelial function, and blood lipid profiles. These benefits are of significance given the raised cardiovascular risk and early mortality in these patients.
Exposure to hyperglycaemia and chronic inflammation ultimately means that individuals with Type 1 diabetes demonstrate raised markers of vascular damage, such as circulating endothelial cells (cECs;), and endothelial dysfunction, in comparison with healthy controls. Accompanying this may be a reduction in circulating endothelial progenitor cell count (cEPCs;); bone marrow derived cEPCs are highly important for vascular repair and protection and are a significant predictor of endothelial function and cardiovascular risk.
A single exercise bout has been shown to acutely raise cEPCs count in both healthy and patient populations. For example, Rehman et al demonstrated that a single bout of cycling exercise significantly raised cEPCs by ~4 fold after exercise, in sedentary over weight males. Similar increases in cEPCs after exercise have been demonstrated in healthy, physically fit individuals, as well as in sedentary individuals with chronic disease. However, data on the acute cEPCs response to exercise within Type 1 diabetes is lacking. Regular exercise training is associated with raised resting cEPCs and has a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Indeed, these benefits are likely integral to the cardio-protective role regular exercise provides. With this in mind, and the association of Type 1 diabetes with reduced cEPCs and raised inflammation, it is of scientific importance to determine the acute cEPCs response to exercise within Type 1 diabetes patients.
Moreover, how the resting cEPCs, cECs and inflammatory status of physically fit type 1 diabetes patients compares to matched, non-diabetic controls would also be of interest. Physical fitness is a measure that is not considered within the existing literature comparing cEPCs (marker of vascular repair), cECs (marker of vascular damage) and inflammation in this population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the cEPCs, cECs and inflammation at rest and in response to submaximal exercise in physically-fit males with and without Type 1 diabetes.
Background
Exercise carries many health benefits for people with Type 1 diabetes. Of particular importance, regular physical exercise is associated with improvements in an array of cardiovascular risk factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness, endothelial function, and blood lipid profiles. These benefits are of significance given the raised cardiovascular risk and early mortality in these patients.
Exposure to hyperglycaemia and chronic inflammation ultimately means that individuals with Type 1 diabetes demonstrate raised markers of vascular damage, such as circulating endothelial cells (cECs;), and endothelial dysfunction, in comparison with healthy controls. Accompanying this may be a reduction in circulating endothelial progenitor cell count (cEPCs;); bone marrow derived cEPCs are highly important for vascular repair and protection and are a significant predictor of endothelial function and cardiovascular risk.
A single exercise bout has been shown to acutely raise cEPCs count in both healthy and patient populations. For example, Rehman et al demonstrated that a single bout of cycling exercise significantly raised cEPCs by ~4 fold after exercise, in sedentary over weight males. Similar increases in cEPCs after exercise have been demonstrated in healthy, physically fit individuals, as well as in sedentary individuals with chronic disease. However, data on the acute cEPCs response to exercise within Type 1 diabetes is lacking. Regular exercise training is associated with raised resting cEPCs and has a strong anti-inflammatory effect. Indeed, these benefits are likely integral to the cardio-protective role regular exercise provides. With this in mind, and the association of Type 1 diabetes with reduced cEPCs and raised inflammation, it is of scientific importance to determine the acute cEPCs response to exercise within Type 1 diabetes patients.
Moreover, how the resting cEPCs, cECs and inflammatory status of physically fit type 1 diabetes patients compares to matched, non-diabetic controls would also be of interest. Physical fitness is a measure that is not considered within the existing literature comparing cEPCs (marker of vascular repair), cECs (marker of vascular damage) and inflammation in this population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the cEPCs, cECs and inflammation at rest and in response to submaximal exercise in physically-fit males with and without Type 1 diabetes.
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