Efficacy of Drug Treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Efficacy of Drug Treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Objective To appraise the evidence for comparative efficacy and tolerability of drug treatments in patients with generalised anxiety disorder.
Design Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Primary Bayesian probabilistic mixed treatment meta-analyses allowed pharmacological treatments to be ranked for effectiveness for each outcome measure, given as percentage probability of being the most effective treatment. Secondary frequentist mixed treatment meta-analyses conducted with random effects model; effect size reported as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.
Data sources Medline, Embase, BIOSIS, PsycINFO, Health Economic Evaluations Database, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects via DataStar, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Cochrane Library (January 1980 to February 2009).
Eligibility criteria Double blind placebo controlled randomised controlled trials; published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Randomised controlled trials including adult participants (aged ≥18) receiving any pharmacological treatment for generalised anxiety disorder.
Data abstraction methods Titles or abstracts reviewed initially, followed by review of full text publications for citations remaining after first pass. A three person team conducted screening; an independent reviewer checked a random selection (10%) of articles screened. Data extracted for meta-analysis were also independently reviewed.
Main outcome measures Proportion of participants experiencing ≥50% reduction from baseline score on Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) (response), proportion with final HAM-A score ≤7 (remission), proportion withdrawing from trial because of adverse events (tolerability).
Results The review identified 3249 citations, and 46 randomised controlled trials met inclusion criteria; 27 trials contained sufficient or appropriate data for inclusion in the analysis. Analyses compared nine drugs (duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, lorazepam, paroxetine, pregabalin, sertraline, tiagabine, and venlafaxine). In the primary probabilistic mixed treatment meta-analyses, fluoxetine was ranked first for response and remission (probability of 62.9% and 60.6%, respectively) and sertraline was ranked first for tolerability (49.3%). In a subanalysis ranking treatments for generalised anxiety disorder currently licensed in the United Kingdom, duloxetine was ranked first for response (third across all treatments; 2.7%), escitalopram was ranked first for remission (second across all treatments; 26.7%), and pregabalin was ranked first for tolerability (second across all treatments; 7.7%).
Conclusions Though the frequentist analysis was inconclusive because of a high level of uncertainty in effect sizes (based on the relatively small number of comparative trials), the probabilistic analysis, which did not rely on significant outcomes, showed that fluoxetine (in terms of response and remission) and sertraline (in terms of tolerability) seem to have some advantages over other treatments. Among five UK licensed treatments, duloxetine, escitalopram, and pregabalin might offer some advantages over venlafaxine and paroxetine.
Generalised anxiety disorder is a chronic or relapsing condition characterised by persistent and pervasive worrying and tension, which causes substantial personal distress and imposes a considerable economic burden. Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders, and generalised anxiety disorder is the most common impairing anxiety disorder in primary care. The degree of disability attributable to generalised anxiety disorder compares with that of major depression and is similar to that of chronic physical illnesses such as peptic ulceration, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes mellitus.
Current guidelines for the pharmacological management of generalised anxiety disorder tend to recommend first line treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or pregabalin. Updated guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) were published in January 2011. Published systematic reviews and meta-analyses have compared the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs for treating generalised anxiety disorder. These studies, however, compared the effectiveness of only selected treatments (such as benzodiazepines) rather than all available treatments.
In this systematic review we compared the efficacy and tolerability of all drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder by combining data from published randomised controlled trials. We also carried out a subanalysis comparing the five drugs currently licensed for generalised anxiety disorder in the United Kingdom (duloxetine, escitalopram, paroxetine, pregabalin, and venlafaxine). The extracted data were combined in a series of mixed treatment meta-analyses, which incorporated evidence from trials indirectly comparing drugs with a common comparator (such as placebo) as well as evidence from direct comparisons of drugs (that is, head to head trials). Application of this approach within a Bayesian framework enabled treatments to be ranked in terms of the probability of each treatment being the first or most effective for each outcome measure.
Abstract
Objective To appraise the evidence for comparative efficacy and tolerability of drug treatments in patients with generalised anxiety disorder.
Design Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Primary Bayesian probabilistic mixed treatment meta-analyses allowed pharmacological treatments to be ranked for effectiveness for each outcome measure, given as percentage probability of being the most effective treatment. Secondary frequentist mixed treatment meta-analyses conducted with random effects model; effect size reported as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.
Data sources Medline, Embase, BIOSIS, PsycINFO, Health Economic Evaluations Database, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects via DataStar, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Cochrane Library (January 1980 to February 2009).
Eligibility criteria Double blind placebo controlled randomised controlled trials; published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Randomised controlled trials including adult participants (aged ≥18) receiving any pharmacological treatment for generalised anxiety disorder.
Data abstraction methods Titles or abstracts reviewed initially, followed by review of full text publications for citations remaining after first pass. A three person team conducted screening; an independent reviewer checked a random selection (10%) of articles screened. Data extracted for meta-analysis were also independently reviewed.
Main outcome measures Proportion of participants experiencing ≥50% reduction from baseline score on Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) (response), proportion with final HAM-A score ≤7 (remission), proportion withdrawing from trial because of adverse events (tolerability).
Results The review identified 3249 citations, and 46 randomised controlled trials met inclusion criteria; 27 trials contained sufficient or appropriate data for inclusion in the analysis. Analyses compared nine drugs (duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, lorazepam, paroxetine, pregabalin, sertraline, tiagabine, and venlafaxine). In the primary probabilistic mixed treatment meta-analyses, fluoxetine was ranked first for response and remission (probability of 62.9% and 60.6%, respectively) and sertraline was ranked first for tolerability (49.3%). In a subanalysis ranking treatments for generalised anxiety disorder currently licensed in the United Kingdom, duloxetine was ranked first for response (third across all treatments; 2.7%), escitalopram was ranked first for remission (second across all treatments; 26.7%), and pregabalin was ranked first for tolerability (second across all treatments; 7.7%).
Conclusions Though the frequentist analysis was inconclusive because of a high level of uncertainty in effect sizes (based on the relatively small number of comparative trials), the probabilistic analysis, which did not rely on significant outcomes, showed that fluoxetine (in terms of response and remission) and sertraline (in terms of tolerability) seem to have some advantages over other treatments. Among five UK licensed treatments, duloxetine, escitalopram, and pregabalin might offer some advantages over venlafaxine and paroxetine.
Introduction
Generalised anxiety disorder is a chronic or relapsing condition characterised by persistent and pervasive worrying and tension, which causes substantial personal distress and imposes a considerable economic burden. Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent of mental disorders, and generalised anxiety disorder is the most common impairing anxiety disorder in primary care. The degree of disability attributable to generalised anxiety disorder compares with that of major depression and is similar to that of chronic physical illnesses such as peptic ulceration, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes mellitus.
Current guidelines for the pharmacological management of generalised anxiety disorder tend to recommend first line treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or pregabalin. Updated guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) were published in January 2011. Published systematic reviews and meta-analyses have compared the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs for treating generalised anxiety disorder. These studies, however, compared the effectiveness of only selected treatments (such as benzodiazepines) rather than all available treatments.
In this systematic review we compared the efficacy and tolerability of all drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder by combining data from published randomised controlled trials. We also carried out a subanalysis comparing the five drugs currently licensed for generalised anxiety disorder in the United Kingdom (duloxetine, escitalopram, paroxetine, pregabalin, and venlafaxine). The extracted data were combined in a series of mixed treatment meta-analyses, which incorporated evidence from trials indirectly comparing drugs with a common comparator (such as placebo) as well as evidence from direct comparisons of drugs (that is, head to head trials). Application of this approach within a Bayesian framework enabled treatments to be ranked in terms of the probability of each treatment being the first or most effective for each outcome measure.
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