Cardiovascular Disease

• Bacteria in the mouth that aren't cleared away through proper oral hygiene form on top of the teeth and harden into plaque. The constant presence of bacteria keeps the immune system active. Some studies indicate this kind of situation may contribute to heart disease. Gum disease from plaque may in turn activate substances from the liver that contribute to clogged vessels. Some specific bacteria that often form in the mouth, such as streptoccocus sanguis, also may cause buildup of arterial plaque.
  
  

Infective Endocarditis

• Infective endocarditis occurs when the lining or valves of the heart become inflamed. Some studies link excess plaque to infective endocarditis. Bacteria from the mouth releases into the bloodstream, causing the infection. People with certain health conditions such as damaged valves due to rheumatic fever or artificial hearts have higher risk of endocarditis. The American Heart Association recommends good oral hygiene to prevent plaque buildup and reduce the chances of endocardial infection.
  
  

Pregnancy

• Hormonal changes during pregnancy seem to have an effect on plaque levels, and dental infection may contribute to low birth weight and premature birth. Babies born early or below 2,500 g have higher incidents of respiratory system problems, birth defects, neurological difficulties and behavioral disorders as they age. Any infection at any point in the pregnant woman's body appears to have a possible effect on the fetus. One study referenced in "Clinical Microbiology Reviews" concluded that over 18 percent of premature, low-birth-weight infants may be affected by periodontal disease.
  
  

Respiratory System

• Bacteria that cause plaque may contribute to other illnesses, as well. Pneumonia creates significant health issues, especially in older patients, and bacterial from oral infection can affect the respiratory tract. While problems such as chronic lung disease, compromised immune systems, age, congestive heart failure, smoking, prolonged bed stays and antibiotics all contribute to the chances of getting and recovering from pneumonia, good oral hygiene and reduction of plaque may help prevent it and other respiratory problems.
  
  

Prevention

• The American Dental Association recommends brushing and flossing at least twice daily or after every meal with antimicrobial toothpastes to help reduce and prevent plaque. Brushing the tongue reduces the amount of bacteria in the mouth. Some mouth rinses also make the mouth a less hospitable environment for plaque and bacteria; look for those with the ADA seal of approval. Visiting the dentist regularly for cleanings and check-ups, along with good home care, can help your overall health.