Features

• The neural tube (which forms the brain and spinal cord) of a developing embryo does not develop correctly. Effects can be severe to extremely mild. In severe cases, a cyst or fluid-filled growth is on the spinal cord or the internal backbone and tissue are exposed.
  
  

Risk Factors

• Risk factors include a parent or sibling having spina bifida, maternal obesity and mothers with untreated diabetes or on anti-seizure medication. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) links spina bifida to low folic acid consumption by pregnant women.
  
  

Screenings

• Abnormalities in the spinal growth of an embryo can be detected during routine ultrasound examinations or if maternal blood tests reveal high levels of a certain type of protein (alpha-fetoprotein). A more thorough ultrasound or an amniocentesis can diagnose spina bifida before birth.
  
  

Warning Signs

• Warning signs of spina bifida include a dimple or other distinguishing mark along the spine of the back, an enlarged head from spinal fluid collection in the brain, a curved spine, bladder problems, back pain and lower body muscle weakness. Some babies develop meningitis---a severe, life-threatening brain infection.
  
  

Additional Information

• The NINDS states that more intense nerve damage or paralysis often occur when the problematic area is located higher on the spine. Corrective surgery is performed either prenatally or after birth, although any nerve damage already sustained is permanent.