History

• Alphonse Chapanis studied how the layout of an instrument panel could affect pilot error.cockpit instrument panel image by Aaron Kohr from Fotolia.com
  
  The term "ergonomics" was first used by Wojciech Jastrzebowski in 1857, but the early 1900s really saw the beginnings of the discipline. F.W. Taylor's "Scientific Management" and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's time and motion studies laid the foundation for later research. It was World War II, however, that led to increased interest in ergonomics when Alphonse Chapanis discovered that changing the layout of the instrument panel reduced the number of B-17 bomber runway crashes.
  
  

Specializations

• Over time, sitting can cause back pain.businessman-detail... image by Radu Razvan from Fotolia.com
  
  The International Ergonomics Association identifies three "domains" of ergonomics: physical, cognizant and organizational. Posture, repetitive movements, and workplace layout receive scrutiny within the physical specialization. The cognizant specialization considers decision-making, stress, interactions with computers and other mental activities. Processes and procedures are the focus in the organizational specialization.
  
  

Training

• Ergonomists make recommendations about work flow, employee safety, or processes.Young business man and woman at office image by dimis from Fotolia.com
  
  Ergonomists can work for companies or as consultants. A degree in occupational health is usually required. Master's degrees are also available. Organizations like the International Ergonomics Association, the Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics and the National Association of Safety Professionals offer additional certification programs.